Introduction: Central vein catheterization is a standard clinical method for central venous pressure monitoring besides being used for other therapeutic purposes. The present guidelines recommend to place the catheter tip in the superior vena cava above the pericardial cephalic reflection. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of two different approaches in locating the tip of the CVC at the suggested vascular zone.Material and methods: This was an interventional study on 100 patients undergoing CABG operation who required a central venous cannulation. They were randomly assigned into two groups. In the first group catheter placement was applied through using the conventional 15 cm method. In the second group a Clength method was applied for measuring the depth of catheter tip insertion from the preoperative chest radiographs. For statistical analysis Chi-square test and T-test were used (SPSS v.22 software).Results: In the first group (15 cm) 100% of the patients had their catheters placed below the C-line (Carina line) and the average distance between the catheter tip and the C-line was 4.22±2.10 cm. In the second (CLength) group 52% of the catheters were below C-line with an average distance of 0.77±0.5 cm. There was a meaningful difference between the two groups in respect to the catheter location depth and zone placement. (P=0.00) Conclusion: The C-Length approach in comparison to the conventional 15 cm approach resulted in a considerable higher number of catheters above the recommended C-line, thus it can provide a more reliable and safe mode for CVC placement in the SVC.

The length-weight and some length-length relationships of six fish species, including Lutjanus malabaricus, Acanthopagrus latus, L. johnii, Rastrelliger kanagurta, Gerres longirostris and Sillago sihama from the Persian Gulf were studied. The specimens were collected from landing centers and their morphometics, including total length (TL), fork length (FL), standard length (SL), body depth (BD), and caudal fin height (FH) measured to the nearest mm and weighed to the nearest 0. 1 g. All length-weight relationships were significant, with the coefficient of determination (r2) ranging from 0. 84 (G. longirostris) to 0. 98 (L. malabaricus) (P<0. 01). The parameter b ranged from 2. 54 (R. Kanagurta) to 2. 98 (S. sihama). The results indicated isometric growth in L. malabaricus, A. latus, L. johnii, and S. sihama and negative allometric growth pattern in G. longirostris and R. kanagurta. The results indicated that the length-length (TL-FL and TL-SL) relationships were highly correlated and significant for all species (P<0. 01). The relationship between TL-BD and BD-FH was also significant, except for R. kanagurta (P>0. 01).

The present study reports Length-weight and length-length parameters for six fish species belonging to four families from the Zohreh River. The weight-length relationships were estimated using the equation W=aLb. The values of the slope parameter (b) varied between 2.72 and 3.72, witha mean±SD of 3.015±0.18. The values b parameter in the length-weight relationship equations were calculated as 2.72 for Arabibarbus grypus (Heckel, 1843), 2.96 for Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843), 2.72 for Garra rufa (Heckel, 1843), 3.25 for Aphanius dispar (Rüppell, 1829), 2.91 for Sillago sihama (Forsskål, 1775) and 3.15 for Glyptothorax silviae Coad, 1981. This study presents the first reference on LWR and LLR for these species in Zohreh River

Considering high age of maturation in sturgeon and with respect to absence of morphological differences in male and female individuals, sex discrimination is always difficult in this group of fishes. In this study we used AFLP technique and 100 primer combinations to screen genome of 10 males and 10 females in Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus). Results showed approximately a total of 3771 scorable bands, of which about 1132 bands were polymorphic and were present in both sexes and none of them was specific. According to the results of present study and other studies, it seems that sex chromosomes are not present in both species or maybe the methods utilized couldn’t recognize them.

Background: Disseminated candidiasis, diabetes mellitus, pregnancy, and consumption of widespread antibiotics are predisposing factors of urinary tract infections due to Candida species. The prevalence of nonalbicans species is increasing. The aim of the present study is to identify Candida spp. isolated from candiduria patients in Isfahan, Iran using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method.Methods: The genomic DNA was extracted by fast technology for analysis-card (FTA-card). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify ITS1-5.8s-ITS2 region then PCR products were digested with MspI restriction enzyme. PCR and RFLP products were revealed on 1.5 and 2% agarose gel electrophoresis, respectively.Findings: Out of 3200 urine samples 80 samples with more than 104 CFU/ml were involved in this study. Patients including 4 (5%) were males and 76 patients (95%) were females. Predisposing factors were diabetes (47.5%), urinary tract infection (38.8%) and kidney stone (5.0%). The colony count of 46.3% of the urine samples were with 50´103-99´103 CFU/ml. Candida glabrata was the most prevalent species among isolates (41.3%).Conclusion: Increasing of non-albicans Candida species and drug resistance of isolates are main challenges of Candida infection treatment particularly in patients with diabetes and urinary infections. Identification of Candida species is inevitable for better management of infection.

On the circular curve, lateral acceleration affects comfort. On the spiral, both lateral acceleration and jerk affect comfort. The determination of maximum curving speed on the basis of lateral acceleration only is not critical because thelateral acceleration is proportional to the square of speed whereas jerk is proportional to cubic power of speed. Themaximum speed on a curve is thus significantly restricted by the spiral length. In this paper, spiral length is formulatedon the basis of both lateral acceleration and jerk. The proposed formula is applied on curves of various curvature andvalidated against an earlier formula by the author. On the basis of current choice of values of lateral acceleration andjerk, a relation between jerk and lateral acceleration is given that can be used to determine the acceptable value of jerkfor a given lateral acceleration. A single criterion is proposed to decide the requirement of a spiral curve.

Present study describes the length-weight (LWR) and length-length (LLR) relationships of a freshwater catfish Eutropiichthyes vacha Hamilton from Indus River, Sindh, Pakistan. A total of 281 specimen of E. vacha were collected from fisherman’s catch from February 2005 to January 2006, are used for this study.The parameters a and b of the length-weight relationship were calculated as W= aLb are presented.The values for allometric coefficient b of the LWR were close to isometric value for male (b=3.159) and combined values for both sexes (b=3.053). However, it suggested negative allometric growth for females (b=2.973). Results for LLRs indicated that these are highly correlated (r2 > 0.9) P< 0.0001.

The freshwater spiny eel, Macrognathus pancalus is an inland water teleost fish commonly known as barred or striped spiny eel found in Asia. The sampling areas were selected which are spatially and geographically different and characterized by different environmental conditions in order to elucidation of ecotype. A total 345 specimens were collected from the sampling sites during January 2008 to December 2010. The weight of M. pancalus in the present study nearly the cube of its length in all cases as the values of regression coefficient „b‟ were found to be close to 3. The length weight relationship indicated the isometric growth in all the samples of striped spiny eel collected from different environmental condition. The coefficient of regression „b‟ were more in the riverine population (3.17±0.08) as compared to the populations of a large lake i.e. Beel (2.85±0.13). The coefficient of determination, (r2) in all the cases was highly significant (p<0.001). The relative condition factor (Kn) were also calculated and the average of condition factor in riverine and beel populations of spiny eel were found to be 0.50±0.09, and 0.47±0.05, respectively. The length-length relationship was highly correlated (r2= 0.99 at P<0.0001) for all the individuals of both habitats. A significant size difference was also noted between the river basin populations of M.pancalus. In the present study the length-weight, length-length relationship of M.pancalus in two different river basins was compared.

This research was conducted to study the length-weight and length-length relationships and condition factor of six cyprinid fish species viz. Alburnus atropatena, Barbus lacerta, Capoeta capoeta, Carrasius gibelio, Romanogobio macropterus and Pseudorasbora parva from Zarrineh River (Urmia Lake basin, Iran). A total of 188 specimens ranging from 2. 9 to 21. 4cm in total length and 0. 22 to 176g in total weight were collected. Based on the results, the values of b varied between 2. 59 for C. capoeta, to 3. 26 for A. atropatenae. All length-weight relationships were significant (P<0. 001), with r2 greater than 0. 88. The condition factor were found to be between 0. 075± 0. 244 for C. capoeta to 1. 021± 0. 143 for C. gibelio. The length-length relations between total length, fork length, and standard length for the six fish species were highly significant (r2>0. 98). All linear regressions were highly significant (P<0. 05).